Paper title:
  Belarus’ Economic Relations with Ukraine and Russia. Trends, Dynamics, Challenges (2014-2021)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4316/CC.2021.02.003
Published in:
Issue 2 (Vol. 27) / 2021
Publishing date:
2021-12-31
Pages:
355-378
Author(s):
Oksana Valion
Abstract:
The impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war in eastern Ukraine and the ongoing political crisis in Belarus were examined, as well as the key trends, forms, and features of Ukrainian-Belarusian and Belarusian-Russian economic cooperation in 2014–2021. The dynamics of foreign commerce, investment, production, and cooperation, as well as other elements that contributed to the development of the collaboration or slowed bilateral interaction, are given special emphasis. In the framework of contemporary events in Belarus, differences in foreign policy have aggravated Ukrainian-Belarusian interstate ties and accentuated the integrative tendency of Belarus-Russia relations.
Keywords:
Economic relations, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, Cooperation, Integration, Production, Investment, Political crisis, Trade.




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