Paper title:
 The Problem of National Self-Reflection of Ukrainians/Rusyns of the Carpathian Region during the First World War in Ukrainian Historiography: Contemporary Discourse
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4316/CC.2025.02.05
Published in:
Issue 2 (Vol. 31) / 2025
Publishing date:
2025-12-31
Pages:
409 - 436
Author(s):
Petro Kostyuchok , Stepan Borchuk , Ihor Koliada
Abstract:
The Great War was the primary catalyst for the national identity of Ukrainians in the Carpathian region, which was the scene of fierce fighting. The First World War accelerated processes of national self-reflection among the politically inert and partially ethnically ambivalent local population. The authors analyse the works of contemporary Ukrainian scholars who have studied the Great War. Future research by Ukrainian historians into the impact of the Great War on the construction of the national identity of Ukrainians/Rusyns in the Carpathian region should include the study of regional, individual, and collective identity among the population of the Carpathian region, practices of national consciousness and self-awareness, national self-reflection, and the perception of others.

Keywords:
national, regional identity, World War I, Ukrainians, Rusyns, contemporary, historiography, Carpathian region.




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