Paper title:
 Woodrow Wilson’s “Fourteen Points”: Between the Diplomacy and Propaganda (Origins of the Liberal Paradigm)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4316/CC.2022.01.07
Published in:
Issue 1 (Vol. 28) / 2022
Publishing date:
2022-07-31
Pages:
145-170
Author(s):
Volodymyr Fisanov, Natalia Nechaieva-Yuriichuk, Oleksandra Hissa-Ivanovych
Abstract:
The study investigates the sources and peculiarities of President Woodrow Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” in the context of the diplomatic and propaganda attack of the Entente states on Austria-Hungary and Germany. On January 5, 1918, the President of the United States proposed a liberal model of post-war reconstruction, which contradicted the old ideas of monarchical and colonial powers. Particular attention was paid to the content analysis of Point X, which dealt with complex national issues of the Austria-Hungarian Monarchy. Some aspects of US propa¬ganda activity in the confrontation with the Central Powers during the final stages of World War I are also explored. The liberal peace program that US President Woodrow Wilson made at the end of the war was only partially implemented, particularly in terms of the political self-determination of nation-states that appeared in the region or expanded territorially as a direct consequence of the collapse of Austria-Hungary. However, the United States, like the Entente states, failed to transform the “chaos” of national aspirations in the region into a Danube Federation, following the example of Switzerland.
Keywords:
Fourteen Points, Woodrow Wilson, propaganda attack, Austria-Hungary, Romanian issue, Danube Federation.




References:
1. Aronson Theo, Crowns in Conflict.1910-1918, London, Murray, 1986, XIV, 222 p.
2. Arkhiv polkovnika House [The Intimate Papers of Colonel House], т. 4, Мoskva, Sotz-ekgiz, 1944, 404 s.
3. Blum Steven, Walter Lippmann: Cosmopolitanism in the century of total war, Ithaca, 1984, 205 p.
4. Bodea Cornelia, Seton-Watson Hugh, R. W. Seton-Watson şi Românii, 1906-1920. În 2 volume [R. W. Seton-Watson and Romanians, 1906-1920. In two volumes], București, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, 1988, vol. I, XXV, 999 p.
5. Сashman Sean Dennis, America in the Age of Titans. The Progressive Era and World War First, New York, 1988, 624 р.
6. Chernin Ottokar, V dni mirovoy voyny. Memuary [During World War. Memoirs], Mos-kva-Рetrograd, Gosudarstvennoye izdatel’stvo, 1923,296 s.
7. Creel George, The war, the world and Wilson, London, Harper & Brothers, 1920, 390 p.
8. Democratic ideals and reality. A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction by the Right Ho-norable Sir Halford J. Mackinder, Washington, National Defense University Press, 1942, XXIII, 227 p.
9. Die sieben und zwanzig Punkte des Prasidenten Wilson, o. O., 1918, 8 s.
10. Dnevnik barona Alekseya Budberga, Arkhiv Russkoy revolyutsii [Diary of Baron Ale-xei Budberg, Archive of the Russian Revolution], t. 12, Мoskva, Terra, 1991, s. 197-290.
11. Fisanov Volodymyr, Punkt X myrnoyi prohramy prezydenta Woodrow Wilsona: spro-ba tekstolohichnoho analizu [Point X of the Peace Programs of President Woodrow Wilson: a test of textual analysis], in Problemy istoriyi mizhnarodnykh vidnosyn, Zb. naukovykh pratsʹ, Chernivtsi, 1993, s. 5-10.
12. Fisanov Volodymyr, “Chotyrnadtsyatʹ punktiv” prezydenta SShA Woodrow Wilsona: sproba retrospektyvnoho analizu [The "fourteen points" of US President Woodrow Wilson: a Retrospective analysis attempt], in S. S. Troyan (red.), Persha svitova viyna u fokusi istoriyi (dyplomatychni ta politychni koliziyi Velykoyi viyny). Monohrafiya [The First World War in the History Focus (Diplomatic and Political Collisions of the Great War). Monograph], Kyiv, Kondor, 2016, s. 63-85.
13. Fowler B. Wilton, British-American Relations, 1917-1918. The Role of Sir William Wiseman, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1969, 334 р.
14. Gelfand Lawrence, The Inquiry. American preparation for peace, 1917-1919, New Ha-ven, Yale University Press, 1963, XIV, 387 p.
15. Guy-Nizhnik Pavlo, Politychni pohlyady Woodrow Wilsona u doprezydentsʹkyy period yoho zhyttya ta diyalʹnosti [Political views of Woodrow Wilson in the pre-presidential period of his life and activities], “Naukovi zapysky Instytutu politychnykh i etno-natsionalʹnykh doslidzhenʹ im. Іvana Kurasa NAN Ukrayiny”, Kyiv, 2008, Vyp. 39, s. 67-77.
16. Hausmann Astrid, Die Amerikanische Aussenpolitik und die Entstehung der Oster-reichishen Republik von 1917-1919, Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktor-Grades an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Wien,1972, 262 s.
17. Kann Robert, The Habsburg Empire. A study in Integration and Disintegration, New York, 1973, XII, 227 p.
18. Kawakami Kiyoshi, Japan and world peace, New York, Macmillan, 1919, 196 p.
19. Kissinger Henry, Diplomatiya [Diplomacy], Moskva, Ladomir, 1997, 848 s.
20. Knock Thomas, Тo end all wars. Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Or-der, New Edition, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2019, XXXII, 379 р.
21. Leger Paul Louis, Austria – Hungary. The history of Nations Series, Ed.-in-Chief Henry C. Lodge, Philadelphia, 1906, XX, 494 p.
22. Link S. Arthur (еd.), The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vols. 42, 45-46, 51, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1983-1986.
23. Lippmann Walter, Public Opinion, New York, The Free Press, 1965, X, 272 p.
24. Lippmann Walter, The Political Scene. An Essay on the Victory of 1918, New York, Franklin Classics,1919, 152 p.
25. Mamatey Victor, The United States and East-Central Europe, 1914- 1919. A study in Wilsonian Diplomacy and Propaganda, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1957, 431 р.
26. MacAdam George, Czechoslovakia, the Nation without a Country, The Worldʼs Work, Oct. 1918, vol. 36, p. 628-633.
27. Mikhaylovskiy Georgiy, Zapiski. Iz istorii rossiyskogo vneshnepoliticheskogo vеdom-stva [Notes. From the History of the Russian Foreign Office], 1914-1920, Кn. 1, Moskva, Mezhdunarodnyye otnosheniya,1993, 520 s.
28. Neu Charles, Colonel House: A Biography of Woodrow Wilson’s Silent Partner, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014, 720 р.
29. Panaretov Stefan, Diary 1917-1921, in Petko M. Petkov, The United States and Bulga-ria in World War I, New York, 1991, VI, 252 р.
30. Perazzoli Jaсopo, Wilson and Wilsonianism in the 20th Century: Influences and Re-ceptions in the Euro-Atlantic Scenario, 2021, in https://www.academia.edu/43851031/ Wilson_and_Wilsonianism_in_the_20th_Century_Influences_and_Receptions_in_the_Euro_ Atlantic_Scenario
31. Pronʼ Tetyana, Alter ego zovnishnʹoyi polityky i dyplomatiyi prezydenta SShA Thoma-sa Woodrow Wilsona 1912-1920 [The alter ego of foreign policy and diplomacy President of the United States Thomas Woodrow Wilson 1912-1920], “Naukovyy visnyk Uzhhorodsʹkoho universytetu”, seriya “Istoriya”, Vyp. 2, 2013, s. 62-67.
32. Ponsonby Arthur, The Crank written in 1916, London, George Allen & Unwin LTD, 1940, 48 р.
33. Ransom L. Roger, Gambling on war: confidence, fear, and the tragedy of the First World, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2018, 338 р.
34. Smuts Jan Christiaan, War-time speeches: a compilation of public utterances in Great Britain, London-New York, Hodder and Stoughton, 1917, 116 р.
35. Sych Alexandr, Post War (WWI) Central and Eastern Europe: Time of Civilizational Choice, in “Codrul Cosminului”, XXV, 2019, No. 1, p. 143-158.
36. Terp Holger, World War One Songs, Collected and documented, The Danish Peace Academy, July 2014, in http://www.fredsakademiet.dk/abase/sange/world_war_one_ songs.pdf
37. The Lansing Papers, 1914-1920, vol. I, Washington, United States Government Print-ing Office, 1939, LXII, 801 p.
38. The Mirage of Power. British foreign policy. 1902-1922, vol. 3, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul PLC, 1972, XVII, p. 423-759.
39. Throntveit Trygve, Power without Victory. Woodrow Wilson and the American inter-nationalist experiment, Chicago, London, The University of Chicago Press, 2017, 404 р.
40. Throntveit Trygve, The Fable of the Fourteen Points: Woodrow Wilson and National Self-Determination, “Diplomatic History”, 35, June 2011, no. 3, p. 445-481.
41. Toynbee Arnold, The New Europe. Some Essays in Reconstruction, London and To-ronto, J.M. Dent & Sons Limited, 1915, 92 p.
42. Ulunyan Artem, Balkaziya i Rossiya1900-1914 [Balkasia and Russia 1900-1914], Моskva, “MAIN”,321 s.
43. Unterberger Betty, The United States, revolutionary Russia, and the rise of Czecho-slovakia, Chappell Hill, 1989, 496 p.
44. Viereck George, The Strangest Friendship in History. Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House, New York, Liveright Inc. Publishers, 1932, 375 р.
45. War Memories of Robert Lansing, New York, The Bobbs-Merrill comp., 1935, 383 р.
46. Wilson McAdoo Eleanor, The Woodrow Wilsons, New York, The Macmillan Compa-ny, 1937, X, 301 p.
47. Wolff Larry, Woodrow Wilson and the Reimagining of Eastern Europe, Stanford, Stan-ford University Press, 2020, 304 р.